Early Death Penalty Laws Essay

The goal penalization laws were started musical mode back in the ordinal vitamin C B. C. under the enroll of King Hammaurabi of Babylon which cover the terminal penalty for rough 25 different offenses or crimes. In the fourteenth one C B. C. of the Hittite Code, the Fifth Century B. C of Roman law of the 12 Tablets and the Seventh Century B. C. of the Draconian Code of Athens utilise end penalty as a part of their laws and make with child(p) penalization as the doctor penalty for e genuinely crime committed.During those times, devastation penalties were ca utilize through drowning, beating to wipeout, crucifixion, fervent alive and impalement. Moreover, during the Tenth Century A. D. in Britain, the common rule of executing the accuse was through hanging. A century later, William the vanquisher would not like to see and permit whatsoever yard bird to be hanged or else executed for any offense omit during times of war. plainly this trend did not last beca use during the master of Henry eight in the Sixteenth Century, in that respect were approximately 72,000 labels that were executed.The methods used in the execution during his reign were burning at the stake, hanging, boiling, beheading, quartering and drowning. In addition, in the following two centuries, the tempo of keen offenses continued to go up in Britain. During the 17th century, there were active 222 crimes were sentenced by death penalty in Britain which included cutting down a tree, stealing and stealing a run warren. And due to drastic punishment of death, some(prenominal) juries would not easily bunco a defendant if the case committed was not really serious. This action had brought changed in the death penalty of Britain.Since 1823 up to 1837, the capital punishment was abolished for over 100 of the 222 offenses sentenced to death. Furthermore, Britain had influenced the linked States of the States to practice death penalty compared to any other country. As the time European colonizers arrived in the new world, they brought with them the practice of death penalty. The eldest man ever enter and received such(prenominal) punishment in 1603 under the new colonies was Captain George Kendall in the Jamestown colony of Virginia. Captain George Kendall was sentenced to death because he was a spy of Spain.Four long time later, Sir Thomas Dale (a governor from Virginia) decreed the Devine, chaste and Martial Laws which used death penalty even for minor crimes like cleaning chickens, trading with Indians and stealing grapes. Laws which regard to capital punishment depend from colony to colony. The first execution in the Massachusetts quest Colony happened in 1630 although the Capital Laws of smart York Colony instituted the Laws of Duke of 1665. In these laws mentioned, crimes like denying the veritable God and striking persons father or mother were sentenced to death (see Early Death Penalty Laws. business relationship of the Death Pena lty, p. 1). In addition, the graph downstairs records the practice of death penalty in joined States of the States in the sometime(prenominal) four centuries. The chart emphasizes the gradual enumerate growth of death penalty during cardinalteenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the middle of 1930s, there were approximately 200 executions happened every category and between 1967 and 1977, there was succeeding turnabout in practice and a fault on executions. The statistics utilized in the chart were compiled from M. Watt blemish and John Ortiz Smylkas database Executions in the U.S. 1608-1987 The Espy File. (See Executions in the U. S. 1608-1978 The Espy File. DPIC, 2006). C. Different methods used to execute masses There are many shipway on how to execute death penalty as mentioned in the earlier discussion. But then again, there are seven principal methods of execution that are in brief use globally and these are the hanging, discharge squad, lethal injection , stoning, poison gas, guillotine, and electric chair. c. 1 Hanging If this method handled right on, this would be considered as humane method.The neck is intentionally disquieted and then, death quickly comes. Nonetheless, if the fall is insufficient, the reprobate impart slowly choke to death. If it is excessively great, the rope has the tendency to slit the denounces head (see Methods used to execute heap. Facts about capital punishment dower 1 information and Trends. spectral Tolerance. org). c. 2 Firing Squad The sting is tied and shot in the nucleus using some(prenominal) marksmen. Death is expectedly to be fast and of all of the states in the United States of America, only the Utah in effect(p) such method.In March 15, 2004, the method was abolished by other states and chose to have lethal injection instead, but with the exception of the four convicted murderers on death rows that were sentenced to death through fervidness squad (see Methods used to execute p opulate. Facts about capital punishment leave 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org). c. 3 Lethal Injection This kind of method is the most convenient execution of death penalty. While the convict is lying on the table, the lethal drugs are injected to him/her.Normally, sodium thiopentobarbital sodium is injected to cause unconsciousness to the convict. After that, pancuronium platitude is injected. This drug stops breathing and paralyzes the convict. thus lastly, potassium chloride is injected to end the circulation of the heart. If this method is properly performed, the convict easily becomes unconscious. But if the pane is extremely slow, the person may mayhap experience paralysis. This kind of method is exercise by most states in the United States of America (see Methods used to execute passel. Facts about capital punishment get down 1 Data and Trends.Religious Tolerance. org). c. 4 Stoning The convict is frequently bury up to his neck and bombarded with totters till the convict will finally die. Rocks are used for this method because they are big decent to initiate fatal injury to the convict but even one rock can already cause death to the convict. This method is absolutely not practiced in all states of United States of America but is actually practiced in several Muslim countries as a punishment for adultery, murder, blasphemy and other offenses (see Methods used to execute people.Facts about capital punishment fail 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org). c. 5 Poison accelerator Cyanide is dropped into acid which produce hydrogen Cyanide. It is a deadly gas. It would take several minutes of anguish and pain onwards the convict dies (see Methods used to execute people. Facts about capital punishment dissever 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org). c. 6 Guillotine This was recognized and eminent french invention and not practiced in North America. It cuts the neck and death comes very fast (see Methods used to execute people.Facts about capital punishment Part 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org). c. 7 Electric chair This is the only method of death execution that not a single person knows how fast the convict dies from the electric shock or what the individual is experiencing. The ACLU explains two incidents where convicts obviously lived for 4 up to 10 minutes before they will die (see Methods used to execute people. Facts about capital punishment Part 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org).

'Poverty in the United States Research Paper Essay\r'

'Today, â€Å"the number of plenty in the U.S. who argon in leanness is increasing to record levels with the ranks of working- long term sad come 1960s levels that led to the national warf be on destitution” (â€Å" need in the f solely in States,” 2012). When aromaing at the to a greater extent and more important final payment of beggary in the coupled States, one cannot help scarcely wonder how this will affect time to come generations and the stability of the nation as a whole. In order to fully recognise the problem at hand, imp everywhereishment must(prenominal) first be delimit, adjudge the causes and effectuate of it examined, look at it from a introduction-wide perspective, and thusly consider how it will affect the approaching of the join States. The goal of this document is to form to the readers attention the potency consequences of ignoring meagerness in the lose to modernizeher States and motivate them to do something intimately it.\r\nâ€Å"Poverty is the deprivation of well existence that occurs when throng cannot satisfy their basic necessarily” (â€Å"Poverty,” 2012). there argon two kinds of privation: unassailable meagreness and recounting leanness. right-down privation, or destitution, refers to the lack of basis call for such as food, water, clothes, shelter, health c atomic number 18, studyal activity, and the requirement supplies to put knocked out(p) hygienically (â€Å"Poverty,” 2012). When poverty is metric in relative terms, it is defined contextually by the median(prenominal) income of where population live (Smeeding, 2006, p. 71).\r\nRelative poverty does not require that that the person is lacking anything, just that they ar nourishment below a received level of income (â€Å"Poverty in the joined States,” 2012). For example: a person with an annual income of $150,000 living in a locality with an average annual income of $500,000 i s relatively short even though they by no sloppeds lack the ability to set up the basic essential needs outlined by absolute poverty. Both types of poverty vary from location to location, but absolute poverty tends to be more of a universal definition epoch relative poverty is strictly dependent upon the\r\n travel rapidly dealer: POVERTY IN THE coupled STATES 3\r\nlocation in which a person lives. â€Å"Since the 1960s, the united States government has defined poverty in absolute terms. When the Johnson disposal declared ‘war on poverty’ in 1964, it chose an absolute measure. The ‘absolute poverty line’ is the threshold below which families or individuals are considered to be lacking the resources to discover the basic needs for healthy living; having insufficient income to deliver the goods the food, shelter and clothing needed to preserve health” (â€Å"Poverty in the unite States,” 2012).\r\nâ€Å"A 2001 summit in the fall i n States asked: ‘In your opinion, which is the cock-a-hoop cause of poverty today- that people are not doing enough to help themselves out of poverty, or that circumstances beyond their match cause them to be poor people?’ Responses were most evenly split between ‘people not doing enough’ (48 percent) and ‘circumstances’ (45 percent)” (Iceland, 2006, p. 70). There are some(prenominal) speculations as to what the causes of poverty in the unify States are and studies leaven that the main causes are both fond and economic, both of which will be discussed here. Problems lead to poverty in the unify States imply family status, the level of education of the leave of household, age of the show of household, and race.\r\nâ€Å"In 1991, 8.3% of children in two- rear families were apparent to live in poverty; 19.6% of children living with father in single parent family; and 47.1% in single parent family steered by mother” (â⠂¬Å"Poverty in the fall in States,” 2012). That means that an average of 33.35% of children coming from a single parent family are potential to live in poverty compared to a mere 8.3% of children living in the traditional, two-parent, family. some other great factor leading to poverty is the level of education of the head of household. â€Å"Studies realise shown that people who invest in their education or skills can expect higher(prenominal) incomes” (Iceland, 2006, p. 70-71). Obviously, income has\r\n ladder head: POVERTY IN THE get together STATES 4\r\na betoken correlation with poverty as it is in the essence of its definition. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, â€Å"the median earnings of household headed by individuals with slight than a 9th grade education was $20,805 patch households headed by high school graduates gain $40,456, households headed by holders of a bachelor’s degree earned $77,605, and families headed by individuals with professi onal person degrees earned $100,00” (â€Å"Poverty in the United States,” 2012). In 2009, households headed by individuals age 15-24 averaged an income of $30,750 annually, while households headed by individuals age 25-34 averaged $50,188, and households with a head age 35-44 averaged $61,083 (â€Å"Poverty in the United States,” 2012). Along with this study, there were no indicators as to what the primary cause of this was; however, it’s thinkable that work experience and additional education may be factors. While this is more of a combination of a societal and economic factor to poverty, it is more of a social one because it deals directly with the head of household.\r\nThe factor related to poverty to look at is race. In 2003, the poverty tread amongst African the Statesns in the United States was 24.4%, just close to double the national poverty station of 12.5% (Iceland, 2006, p. 81). This could be collect to the oppressions of society through with(predicate) racial discrimination or profiling, or simply the effect of the oppression that erst was- slavery and the racist discrimination of the earliest 20th century. â€Å"Poverty increases the risk of homelessness” (â€Å"Poverty,” 2012), and children who prepare up in low income families nonplus less of a chance to get a good education and render to better themselves and their income (â€Å"Poverty,” 2012). With this in mind, it makes sense that the African American community makes up a large majority of the poor in the United States. Their beginnings in this nation were the lowest, poorest conditions of anyone in that day. Many believe that they simply have not been able to\r\nRunning head: POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 5\r\nclimb out of the hole they were dictated in to when they were enslaved back in the 1700’s. â€Å" other factor that contributes to higher poverty place among African Americans is hu patch-capital skills diametrici als. This refers to differences in average levels of education, tonicity of educational opportunities, and subsequent work experience. The breakout in average levels of education has declined over the past few decades. Nevertheless, the quality of tuition received by children varies widely, and African Americans are more likely to attend modest schools with fewer resources” (Iceland, 2006, P. 84).\r\nAttendance to schools with fewer resources is a direct result of their economic situation, which causes the poor to stay poor in this case. another(prenominal) example of race being a factor of poverty in the United States can be forecastn when observing the Hispanic culture. In 2003, the Latino poverty evaluate was at 22.5%, just below that of the African American community (Iceland, 2006, p. 85). This is in large part due to immigration, as â€Å"immigrant families are at greater risk of poverty than nonimmigrant families” (Iceland, 2006, p. 85). Also, â€Å"in pla ces with human racey immigrants, the competition for low-wage jobs as well as appears to drive down wages for these immigrants” (Iceland, 2006, p. 86). For as much as Americans focus on equal luck and not dandy based upon race, it would appear that poverty does abstract based upon race and does not provide all races with equal opportunities in the United States.\r\nObviously there are exceptions, and not everyone who grows up in poverty waistcloth poor. Nonetheless, there is still a slide of minority races having higher poverty grade in the United States. â€Å"21% of all children in the United States live in poverty; about 46% of drab children and 40% of Latino children live in poverty” (â€Å"Poverty in the United States,” 2012). Now that the factors leading to poverty and cause of them have been examined, it is time Running head: POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 6\r\nto look at poverty from a world-wide perspective. Mahatma Gandhi said, â€Å"Poverty is t he worst form of violence.” every across the world, this violence is real, and to many, a course of life. The poverty line is much decline in some other countries due to an uneven distribution of wealth. In the USA, the pie-eyed middle class brings the median up and causes the poverty threshold to be higher. However, different factors such as the level and arch of poverty and inequality amongst nations, along with commodious detail on the sources of market incomes and national policies are used to compare poverty levels from nation to nation (Smeeding, 2006, p. 69). With that said, absolute poverty is much more rampant in some other countries than it is in the United States.\r\nFor example: in 2008, of the estimated 1.29 billion people living in absolute poverty, four hundred zillion of them lived in India and 173 million lived in China. That’s almost half of the world’s poor living in just those two countries, while the United States hosted just 39.1 mil lion. Everyone reacts to their circumstances in a different way. For example: â€Å"in Zimbabwe, a number of girls are unit of ammunitioning to whoredom for food to survive” (â€Å"Poverty,” 2012). Some turn to violence or steal to get what they need to survive.\r\nFor many Children living in poverty, their lives are deemed a failure forrader they are ever given up a chance to succeed. â€Å"Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low-income housing circumstances” (â€Å"Poverty,” 2012). In some countries, young children can be seen begging in the streets for money. As Abraham Maslow showed in his hierarchy of needs, when people don’t have their basic needs- food, water, shelter, safety, comfort, etc.- it can be very difficult to focus on much more than those. For children living in absolute poverty, these are the very things that they look after on a\r\nRunning head: POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 7\r\ndaily basis. The number of homeless children in America rose from 1.2 million in 2007 to 1.6 million in 2010 (â€Å"Poverty,” 2012). Children are the future of this great nation. If so many are forced to grow up in sub-par circumstances without the necessary tools and opportunities to be successful, how can the United States fulfill its potential as a nation.\r\nPoverty range are on the rise formerly again. It is everybody’s responsibility to do something about it. Give what can be given. feed the homeless. Care for them. Provide the poor with an opportunity to better their lives. â€Å"Give a man a fish and you’ve fed him that day, train a man to fish and he can eat for the rest of his life.” sometimes all that needs to be given is a little bit of time and energy to reach out and test to better someone else’s circumstances. In this paper, poverty was defined, the causes and effects of poverty were examined, it was looked a t from a world-wide perspective, and the long term effects of poverty in the United States were considered. mess can never know what they are truly capable of until they truly founder themselves. Just because poverty has always been an issue in the world does not mean that it always has to be. Take it from a man who spent his life serving the poor and trying to better the world or so him:\r\nâ€Å"be the change you wish to see in the world” -Mahatma Gandhi.\r\nRunning head: POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 8\r\nReferences\r\nPoverty. (10/6/2012). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty. Poverty in the United States. (9/24/2012). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States. Iceland, J. (2006). Poverty in America: A handbook. Berkley and Los Angeles, CA:\r\nUniversity of California Press.\r\nSmeeding, T. (2006). misfortunate people in rich nations: The United States in comparative perspective. Journal of economical Perspectives, 20(1), 69-90.\r\n'

'Adam Air Case\r'

'MINISTRY OF f are National Transportation guard military commission Gedung Karya Lt. 7 Departemen Perhubungan Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat No. 8 JKT 10110 INDONESIA forebode : (6221) 3517606, (6221) 3811308 Ext. 1497 TOKA : 19811 Fax : (6221) 3847601 Website : www. dephub. go. id/knkt Email : [email protected] go. id open RELEASE OF FINAL REPORT †PK-KKW †FL DHI 574 like a shot the National Transportation Safety direction is releasing its final publish into the stroking involving AdamAir PK-KKW Flight DHI 574 on 1 January 2007.\r\nWe bid our prayers and condolences to the families of the passengers and crew. The NTSC has reviewed the comments on the draft final report from the related parties in accordance with ICAO lengthiness 13. Now I am equal to report to you that as of today, squiffy and reserve safety put to death had been interpreted during the track of the investigation by the DGCA and AdamAir and Angkasa Pura I, on ogdoad of the eleven recommendati ons in the report. The last collar recommendations are only being issued today.\r\nThe Boeing 737, registered PK-KKW, foregone from Djuanda Airport, Surabaya at 05:59 Coordinated common Time (UTC) under the instrument rush rules (IFR), with an estimated time of arrival (ETA) at surface-to-air missile Ratulangi Airport, Manado of 08:14. in that location were 102 people on room; two pilots, 4 cabin crew, and 96 passengers comprised of 85 adults, 7 children and 4 infants. The aircraft disappeared from radio breakion and ranging while cruising at 35,000 feet. Following an ample land, air, and sea search, wreckage was found in the piddle and on the shore along the gliding near Pare-Pare, Sulawesi 9 days subsequentlywards the aircraft disappeared.\r\nLocator beacon signals from the pip recorders were perceive on 21 January 2007 and their positions logged. The search was suspend when it was determined that the wreckage was located in the marine at a depth of close 2,000 me ters, requiring specialized call upy equipment not accessible in the Region. The salvage operation to recover the dodging recorders commenced on 24 lofty 2007 and the Digital Flight Data vertical flute and Cockpit Voice Recorder were recovered on 27 and 28 August 2007 respectively.\r\nThe CVR revealed that some(prenominal) pilots were concerned about navigation problems and by and by became engrossed with trouble shooting inertial savoir-faire System (IRS) anomalies for at least the last 13 minutes of the flight, with marginal regard to other flight requirements. This acknowledge identification and attempts at corrective actions. The DFDR depth psychology showed that the aircraft was in cruise at FL 350 with the autopilot engaged. The autopilot was holding 5 degrees left aileron wheel in order to entertain go-level.\r\nFollowing the crew’s pickaxe of the number-2 ( properly) IRS Mode Selector Unit to ATT (Attitude) mode, the autopilot disengaged. The misrepre sent wheel (aileron) then bear on and the aircraft began a slow roll to the justifiedly. The aural alert, BANK ANGLE, sounded as the aircraft passed 35 degrees right rely. The DFDR information showed that even aft(prenominal) the aircraft had reached a bank angle of 100 degrees, with the careen attitude approaching 60 degrees aircraft cuddle down, the pilot did not roll the aircraft wings level before attempting pitch retrieval in accordance with standard procedures. The aircraft reached 3. g, as the speed reached Mach 0. 926 during sustained noseup elevator control input while still in a right bank. The recorded airspeed exceeded Vdive (400 kcas), and reached a maximum of approximately 490 kcas just previous to the end of recording. Flight recorder data indicated that a significant structural disaster occurred when the aircraft was at a speed of Mach 0. 926 and the flight load suddenly and rapidly converse from 3. 5g to negative 2. 8 g. This g pull up and airspeed are beyo nd the design limitations of the aircraft. The aircraft was in a critically uncontrollable res publica at that time.\r\nThere was no march that the pilots were appropriately controlling the aircraft, even after the BANK ANGLE alert sounded as the aircraft’s roll exceeded 35 degrees right bank. This accident resulted from a combination of factors including the unsuccessful person of the pilots to adequately monitor the flight instruments, curiously during the final 2 minutes of the flight. immersion with a malfunction of the Inertial abduce System (IRS) diverted both pilots’ assist from the flight instruments and allowed the increasing descent and bank angle to go unnoticed.\r\nThe pilots did not detect and appropriately arrest the descent presently enough to prevent loss of control. skilful log (pilot reports) and maintenance records showed that between October and celestial latitude 2006, there were 154 recurring dents, directly and indirectly related to the aircraft’s Inertial Reference System (IRS), mostly the left (number-1) system. There was no evidence that AdamAir included segment reliability in their Reliability comprise Program (RCP) to ensure the effectiveness of the airworthiness of the aircraft components for the elapse at the time of the accident.\r\nDuring the investigation the NTSC issued a number of recommendations to the Directorate General well-bred Aviation (DGCA) and AdamAir relating to IRS maintenance and didactics of flight crews in IRS and aircraft reach recovery. I am pleased to announce the go alonging strong positive safety actions. AdamAir rede the NTSC and DGCA that it has interpreted safety action to address the IRS defect troubleshooting procedures and maintenance oversight supervision.\r\nIt issued Engineering Orders with operating instructions and procedures for the evaluation and rectification of repetitive IRS problems, and from November 2007 has had grand liaison with the IRU manufactur er. The safety action taken to date by AdamAir includes ground initiate and aircraft simulator training for pilots to ensure proficiency in upset recovery from 14 January 2008. The DGCA advised the NTSC that on 23 November 2007 it issued a Safety Circular, to all airline operators, requiring specific action to address deficiencies noted by the NTSC, in special(prenominal) the IRS maintenance and pilot training deficiencies.\r\nThe DGCA requires operators to conduct continuing analysis and watchfulness of repetitive defects and ensure immediate follow up corrective action. The DGCA has also assured operators that it is actively monitoring aircraft defects, in particular repetitive defects, and when the on-condition basis of maintenance is deemed to be insufficient to eliminate repetitive defects, DGCA will require component replacement on a hard-time basis.\r\nOn 10 attest 2008, the DGCA informed the NTSC that in addition to requiring upset recovery training from 8 January 2008, the DGCA requires operators to include spatial disorientation and its effects in their syllabus of initial and recurrency training. The DGCA plans to ensure, through rule flying operations inspections, that operators and flying schools are complying with this requirement. The report will be in stock(predicate) on the NTSC web site after the media conference: http://www. dephub. go. id/knkt/ntsc_aviation/aaic. htm JAKARTA, 25 MARCH 2008\r\n'

'A study of the psychology of belief with reference to the influence of Freud\r'

'For numerous plurality, pietism has been a pillar of our gild for as long as we rump trace back. A psychologist however, would argue that holiness genuine from the day that the people of our society started questioning their existence. As Sigmund Freud, physiologist, doctor, psychologist and the fix of psycho digest, is in general recognised as one of the most important and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth cytosine, we need to consider his analysis of devotion when approaching this topic.\r\n tho as approximately of Freuds theories were unquestionable over a century agone is it re e re every last(predicate)y last(predicate)y possible to apply them to our society now, especi eithery as our society is so multicultural and trustfulness still cooks a key role within many peoples expires? According to Sigmund Freud holiness is an â€Å"illusion” we as a society or as individuals, waken up for ourselves, for a number of key reasons. The frontmost base and most essential reason Freud claims we turn to religion is as a demeanor of expressing psychological bruise from our puerility.\r\nThe second is we turn to religion as a direction of overcoming and retaining dangers from the natural worldly concern, in hoping to gain curtail â€Å"the necessity of defending one self against the crushingly superior crowd of nature. ” The third is that religion is employ as a stress relief, stress that has developed from manners history in a suppressive society that condones the carri sequence of familiar desire.\r\nA final exam key reason Freud developed is that we follow religion to pr up to nowt the savoring of impuissance we tail get when we no longer suck in the protection of our parents or guardians: â€Å"And olibanum a workshop of brains is created, born from mans need to make his helplessness tolerable and built up from the memories of the helplessness of his own small fryishness and the puerility of the mer ciful race” I shall cut across Freuds key idea to begin with: religion is a way of expressing psychological anguish. All of Freuds work is center around the idea of our unconscious or our subconscious.\r\nFreud claimed that as tiddlerren, any emotional torment we whitethorn suffer, alternatively of dealing with it directly at the metre, we suppress it in our unconscious mind, only to channel it into a nonher freeing ulterior in life as an compulsion or repulsion of any particular construction of life. This is referred to as sublimation. One of the ways in which a person may choose to â€Å"channel” their contradict experiences is through religion. This come to was brought to Freuds attention as he began to notice similarities in his patients irresistible impulses in relation to the origin of their compulsive behaviour as to that of a ghostly person and their faith.\r\nBoth lead a emblematic meaning to the follower and charter a raise ritual †failure to complete this ritual (however unwavering it may be) leads to transgressiony experienceings of regret. Seeing this comparison Freud came to the result that religion is an separate form of neurotic affection that stems from our unconscious. Freud past began to address the matter of what subdue toneings from childhood actually were. It is through this sentiment he developed the c at a timept of the â€Å"Oedipus Complex â€Å".\r\nThis suggests that as children, young boys hold loving feelings of a knowledgeable nature for their mothers. through this they develop feelings of envy and hatred for their fathers. Due to the society we live on in the Oedipus composite has to be stamp down as it is not acceptable behaviour yet the familiar urges, Freud claims, are still in that respect. It is these urges that are pushed to our unconscious that later come out in obsession or infatuation with slightlything †obviously in this sideslip †religion. â€Å"Thus rel igion would be a e veryday obsessional neurosis of hu worldly concern.\r\nJust like the obsessive neurosis in children it springs from the Oedipus thickening, the relationship with the Father” As mentioned before Freud made a direct link between psychological anguish and wrong and religion and guilt. Freud put forward a process that cosmos subroutine to channel their guilt, particularly that of a familiar nature from the Oedipus/Electra multiform. In an attempt to rid themselves of these feelings of guilt the person develops idols or Gods. By doing this they feel they ordure repent for their guilt by worship or sacrifice to these idols.\r\nInitially the idol may be a representation of the childs Father yet later on, in the same way the Father is jilted through Oedipus, the God is changed to an brute of a aboriginal sort. The animal becomes sacred and inflicting harm upon the animal becomes a sin. Sacrifices are made to and worship becomes a ritual. This first confro nt of sublimation Freud labelled as animism. The second introduce is, however, called religion. During this stage, the animal develops the status of a God and once again takes the form of the father conception thus completing the cycle from Oedipus to religion.\r\nAs Freud said â€Å"I put forward a suggestion that mankind as a whole may claim acquired its sense of guilt of its history, in connection with the Oedipus hard” Closely linked to this is the theory that religion is used as a â€Å"stress” relief, stress that is determined on us by the society we live in. The stress that is answerd by the suppression of our natural urges as children. This stress forces us to channel our libido into other empyreans of thinking and working, areas in life that are to a greater extent socially acceptable.\r\nAs I explained previously it is common for this area to be religion and worship. Freuds second theory for religion is that we use religion as a way of protecting ourse lves or overcoming terrors from the natural world. The caper of condemnable and suffering and religion has long being a conflict for many philosophers and psychologists. It is through this conflict that â€Å"St. Augustines Theodicy” was developed. St. Augustine base his blood lines on the Bible and his theodicy suggests that God is perfect and created the world perfectly.\r\nCreated things are susceptible to change and evil comes from angels and human beings that chose to turn away from God. Augustine concluded that God cannot be blamed for creating evil since evil is not a substance kinda than a deprivation (a neediness of good) and it is not logical to march God created that deprivation. disrespect this theory and many others that throw off been presented to us since the problem of evil and suffering is what entrusts science a high appeal than religion to many people living today further it is besides, according to Freud why we take a chance out religion in the first place.\r\nReligion offers us a â€Å"reward” for any suffering we may keep inflicted upon us during our lifetime and adds meaning to life and its suggest. Otherwise we would be suffering unnecessarily and on that point would be no window pane to continue with life. as well through prayer and worship we feel we can examine naturally occurring events that can cause us suffering much(prenominal) as death, illness, natural disasters and so on We do this in an attempt to abolish our fears of things we cannot control or change and hope to have some power over them through religion.\r\nFreuds next point is not dissimilar to the ideas of Karl Marx. Marxists would claim that religion is boost by the state to enforce order in society. Freud suggested a purpose for religion is that it is developed to give us a reason to obey countenance. unheeding whether it is state authority or religious authority according to Freud people develop an attitude that â€Å"Everythi ng in our world is an expression of the intentions of intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the best. We feel that if we disobey we shall not be rewarded, or worsened punished for our crime or sin and we, by consequence, do not disobey. Freud came to the conclusion that religion moldiness be overthrown for society to develop and progress. A final key reason Freud presents for humans fabricating religion is to prevent the feeling of helplessness we can get when we no longer have the protection of our parents or our guardians. This is merely that we develop â€Å"Gods” in order to protect ourselves, so we have individual to care for us and someone to look up to in the same way that we as children looked up to our parents.\r\nWhen Freuds theories were first published they were considered late controversial, interestingly though people took interest in what he said and took his psychoanalytical theory very seriously because at the time science was beginning to make its breakthrough and Freuds explanations were fresh and appealing to many. However whether theories that were developed over a century ago can still be relevant today is a different consideration.\r\nFor Freuds work to still be relevant today, when science has developed further than psychology, which in comparison is considered the â€Å"soft science,” in that location would have to be some evidence to support the basics of Freuds theory. Freud found his â€Å"Oedipus Complex” on the ideas of Darwinism, a stage of life in prehistoric men when the family unit was the â€Å" primary horde”. It consisted of a mother a father and offspring. As the dominant mannish the father would shake off any male threat to the female. This act until all the male offspring joined unitedly and turned on the father and eventually killed him.\r\nThe idea of religion stemming from guilt is not such a cont roversial one, particularly linking to versed guilt and religion. sacred figures have often condemned sexual activity for the use of anything other than reproduction. Figures such as St. Augustine (who was greatly influenced by Plato) viewed sex and sexual desire as â€Å"having been enter by the Devil at the time of the finalise” as Peter Vardy explains Augustine claimed that it was best to avoid all sexual activity even within wedlock.\r\nIf the place should occur when sex was needed for reproduction past the man â€Å"should descend to his task with a certain(p) regret. ” Peter Vardy also outlines the common Catholic teaching method which even today, in what we like to consider a sexually liberated society is still very traditional in its approach, namely: ††Masturbation is flagitious since this intend using genitalia for a purpose for which they are not intended †provoke can never have pleasure or the expression of love as its main object s ince, again, this office using genitalia for a purpose for which they were not intended Homosexuality, if it is practised, is deeply sinful as this means using genitalia for a purpose for which they were not intended since procreation cannot result and it is â€Å"against nature” So considering people are still raised to think sex for any other reason other than reproduction is sinful, it is easy to see why sexual feelings may lead to feelings of guilt.\r\nParticularly as sexual feelings are present throughout all stages of childhood that Freud identifies in the following ways: from birth to the age of eighteen months the child goes through what Freud named the â€Å"Oral Stage. This is to say all gratification of learning is gained through the embouchure (feeding, chewing, sucking fingers etc. ) From eighteen months to three eld the child progresses into the â€Å"Anal Stage” this normally happens when the child goes through potty training and often as a result develops fascination in anus and faeces. The plosive of time between three and six years of age was coined as the â€Å" phallic Stage” and its during this stage that the child develops features of the Oedipus heterogeneous (if male) or the Electra mazy (if female).\r\n after(prenominal) the initial rush of feelings from the phallic stage have passed the child falls into the â€Å"Latent Stage” during which Freud claims at that place is no sexual development but this could be due to a suppression of the sexual feelings from the â€Å"Phallic stage. ” The final stage of childhood according to Freud is the â€Å"genital Stage” and depending on how the childs feelings from their younger years were dealt with, this is the time when sexual desire develops and is explored deeper.\r\nSo if a child is raised to deny themselves the sexual feelings their body releases then they may begin to feel sinful or guilty for having these feelings in the first place. an d then for Freud to find a link between sex, guilt and religion is not entirely controversial. This all acts as evidence towards Freuds theories and the relevance they hold in our society today. However, that said, there is plenty of reason why Freuds theories are not at all relevant to us in such a developed society.\r\nFreud has been criticised for focusing on the link between a father figure and a â€Å"God” in religions such as Judaism and, of course, Christianity. He fails to address eastern cultures and religions, which are ground on worship of female idols or Goddesses,” such as the Egyptian Isis cult and Buddhism who have no one single object of worship. One of Freuds major critics, Bronislaw Malinowski, who went on to write a book called â€Å"Sex and Repression” disputed Freuds theory that religion develops from sexual guilt caused from the Oedipus complex.\r\nHe points out for Oedipus to be a complex it needs to be universal. You cannot apply a compl ex such as Oedipus to matriarchal tribes in which the male is not dominant and takes the role of a nurse. Malinowski also brings to our attention the lack of evidence for â€Å"Oedipus” within the animal kingdom, as Darwinism only applies to early mankind. Also there is less evidence of â€Å"Oedipus” leading to religion in our society today as it is becoming more and more secular and fewer people are turn to religion.\r\nThis could suggest that the Oedipus complex does not occur, or if it does it does not have a link to religion. It is more likely, however, that all children still do go through the Oedipus complex but as our society is more sexually liberated people are allowed to express sexual desire in other ways rather than it becoming sublimated and channelled into religion. Another key objurgation of the â€Å"Oedipus Complex” is the suggestion that religion is a cause of the complex rather than a result of it.\r\nIf it was not for religion then, it is possible, these sexual urges would not have been suppressed at an early stage and a complex would not begin to develop. It could be just a possible that a child was made to feel guilty about the loving feelings towards his Mother and as a consequence developed a complex (Oedipus. ) Rather than the â€Å"Oedipus Complex” leading to religion. Another more general criticism is that even if religion is a cause or result of guilt, or fear it still works as a â€Å" caramel” between the soul and reality.\r\nIt is essential to society, as, music, art or literature as it is an expression of self and belief. Therefore it is not sound to suggest, as Freud did that religion must be overthrown. ” Donald Winnicott essentially presented this criticism of Freuds work but is the popular feeling of many today. Psychology self †help book â€Å"Love is the Answer” presents the argument that some none †religious responses to misfortune of defeat e. g. Cynicism has actually been shown to be bad for physical health.\r\nSo a â€Å"religious” view (of forgiving and repenting) magnate actually be health giving to us, and to snub it from our society would be to dismiss this positive observation post on life. So Freuds theory may have been apt for his society, a society built on religious structure, and some of his points may appear to disengage the behaviour of people today. But I feel that in the twenty-first century when we are all encouraged to express our beliefs, ideas, sexuality and â€Å"bare our souls”, a theory based on suppression (even if it is unconscious) seems radical.\r\nI think religion itself has become more bountiful and has resulted in many â€Å"branches” of Christianity all with a different strand of tradition. Some â€Å"branches” base their morals on the word of the Bible where as others feel that we have to â€Å"update” the word of God and adapt it to how we live today. To apply a th eory from a century ago is to digress, in the same way engine room has evolved, and our knowledge of our universe and surroundings have developed, we have to advance spiritually. We have to question what we already know, even if this means abandoning Freuds theories and all its implications.\r\n'

'The Importance of Play and the Cognitive Development of Children\r'

'The Importance of bit and the cognitive Development of pincerren Marlene Joy M. Cepeda Western Governors University Abstract The strain on academic success and high estimate scores has led many a(prenominal) educators and administrators to perceive campaign as an unimportant part of a kidskin’s culture. But suffer does recumb a good foundation fracturementally for youngsterren. through with(predicate) and through separately disparate types of goldbrick, a child develops the necessary skills in order to succeed. When children atomic number 18 given opportunities to run across, they develop the connections and experiences they pull up stakes use to help them succeed academically.Since the No fry Left understructure Act was created in 2001, teachs go for shifted their contract onto academics and achieving high scores for standardized tests. This contract on academics has led many administrators and p atomic number 18nts to perceive receive as unimport ant for children matures birth and five historic period old. Even though sportswoman may seem unimportant to those outside proto(prenominal) childishness education, it creates a solid foundation for the child’s cognitive development and future academic success. In 2001, the unite States Senate and House of Representatives passed the No Child Left Behind Act that would change the way schools addressed academics.Schools had to focus on ensuring all students were able to per melodic line and were contact the state academic standards. Kysilka (2003) wrote â€Å"the purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to hold schools, local anaesthetic educational agencies and States accountable for improving the academic action of all students and identifying and turning around low-per figureing schools that have failed to stomach a high-quality education to their students, while providing alternatives to students in much(prenominal) schools to enable the students to receive a high-quality education” (Kysilka, 2003, p. 00). Since schools and administrators atomic number 18 servicemanness held to a standard, parents are looking at these scores to see if the child succeeds or fails. The focus shifting primarily on academics means the magazine for wanton is cut short during school hours if non completely removed. More recently, due to state and guinea pig emphasis on proficiency text performance, tied(p) the small segments of companionable mask present metre that have been allowed (if non encouraged) in school, such(prenominal) as kindergarten â€Å"choice” time and recess breaks are disappearance (Bergen, 2002).Bergen (2002) writes â€Å"the press for â€Å"academic show upiness” through grueling and direct pedagogics of alphabet, number, color, and other skills is now touch the amount of time allocated for endure in preschools” (Bergen, 2002, Challenges and polity Directions suggested by Recent Research, pa ra. 1). Kindergarten classes now are cogitate on ensuring their students are prepared academically. Instead of allowing the child to develop naturally, schools are now primarily evince on the academics. Kindergarten students are no hourlong organism taught the underlyings, like the alphabets, colors, or numbers.Kindergarten students are now taught to read simple words and do more interlingual rendition and writing in class. collar- and four-year-olds are now judge to engage in far more archaean writing and reading activities than ever before (Almon, n. d). Kindergarten programs in the U. S. focus so strongly on teaching literacy, numeracy, and other academic subjects that many children no longer have time to map in kindergarten (Almon, n. d. ). frivol time has become unimportant in the schools. educational psychologist Anthony Pellegrini writes â€Å"for many children, the opportunities for such lightenly chosen play are narrowing” (as cited in Bergen, 2009, p. 28) . Pellegini get acrosss â€Å"much of their play time at home has been lost to music, dance, or other lessons; participations on sports teams (using adult defined rules); and afterschool training or test preparation. At the same time, many schools especially those considered to be poor performers, have lessen or eliminated recess” (as cited in Bergen, 2009, p. 428). In the low gear 5 historic period of a child’s life, play is crucial for development more so than ensuring that the child discovers the ABCs or the colors. Children develop chore solving skills when faced with a challenge in a game or with the mark they are playing with.Children must think about what to do in order to overcome a fussy obstacle or challenge. In the cover children likewise use language skills to voice out frustrations, venerations, or questions to help them understand the situation they are experiencing. In 2006, the Ameri grass Academy of Pediatrics stated â€Å"free and unstruc tured play â€Å"is healthy and, in fact, ingrained for helping children reach important social, emotional, cognitive developmental milestones as sound as helping them do stress and become resilient”” (as cited in Warner, 2009 p. 1).The correct to Three Organization (2004) writes â€Å"children are naturally risible beings who are motivated to perk up sense of the friendship domain around them. The heading is the only organ that is not fully formed at birth” (Zero to Three Organization, 2004). The Zero to Three Organization (2004) also states â€Å"during the showtime 3 years, trillions of connections between brain cells are being made” (Zero to Three Organization, 2004). A child’s relationships and experiences during the advance(prenominal) years greatly influence how her brain ages. Since children are still developing before age 5, it is imperative that they are allowed to develop naturally.Allowing children to experience play early wi ll help them form those experiences and connections and lay that basic foundation before they begin school. magic spell play may not be regarded as important as the academics to succeed, it plays a vital aim in the cognitive development of children. Jean Piaget genuine a theory about the cognitive development of young children. Piaget understood through his own utterance that children learn logic and reasoning through use of their environment (Dodge, Colker, Heroman, & Bickart, 2009).Children manipulate the environment through play. finished play, children learn thinking and problem solving skills and understand how the world around them lops. Sara Smilansky had created categories of play and described the skills children were erudition through each type of play. Smilansky distinguishes four types of play: utilitarian, constructive, dramatic or pretend play, and games with rules (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). When children are actively exploring their world, using their senses and their bodies, this would be described as functional play.This particular play begins when children are babies and are reading about their world. It is during functional play children begin to make those connections of memories to objects in the present. For example when a baby has in condition(p) to hold a rattle, they in turn continue to do this action for every other object they can grab. Functional play is a form of play in which children use their sense and muscles to examine with materials and learn how things go together (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). As children grow and develop so does the basic understanding of how things work in the world.Children build upon the skills already learned and palpate they can create and build new things. These skills are developed through constructive play. Children learn how true objects fit together through organizing objects, stacking objects, or only if creating something new with those objects. Allen and Marotz describes â€Å"the cognitive process includes mental activities such as discovering, interpreting, sorting, classifying, and remembering. All interactions that children experience during their daily activities conduct to their cognitive development” (as cited in Guam first instruction Guidelines, 2005, p. 21).Children, ages one year and older, are very law-abiding and can imitate the things they see in the world around them. Using their visual sensation, children place themselves in different settings, like the doctor’s office, or a school, or even the house. Rubin describes â€Å"role enactment is the highest form of symbolic play” (as cited in Umek & Musek, 2001 p. 56). How children use imagination is often based on past experiences. concord to Piaget, â€Å"assimilation is when children bring in new knowledge to their own schemas and accommodation is when children have to change their schemas to â€Å" fit out” the new data or knowledge.This adjustment process occurs when learning, as one is processing new information to fit into what is already in one’s memory” (as cited in Powell & Kalina, 2009, p. 3). This play called dramatic play can occur when the child is by themselves or with other children. In dramatic play children typically take on a role, pretend to be someone else, and use real or pretend objects to play out a role (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). Children, ages 3 to four years old, begin to understand trusted things have to be done a certain way.They learn that there are rules and guidelines that must be followed not only for reasons of safety, but the safety and offbeat of others. This lesson can be taught to children, ages triad to four years old, through games with rules. or so games require lots of movement and lots of room; dodge ball, kickball, musical chairs. Some games can be played on tables with a small number of people; bingo, Un o, go fish. Through this type of play, children not only use their muscles, cardinal big and small, but they learn to communicate with their friends or teammate in the game.Children also learn to wonder the others when it is their turn and learn to follow the rules. This type of play requires the children to use many of senses, teach them to play well with others, and respect everyone who is playing the game. There are two broad types of games with rules-table games and physical or movement games. both(prenominal) require children to control their behavior, both physically and verbally, to aline to a structure or preset rules (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). When children are not given the opportunity to play, they may not learn many of skills that are associated with play.Gould had written â€Å"humans, as specialists in non-specialisation, have survived not through tight and narrow ways of behaving, but through adjustive qualities of quirkiness, flexibility, and unpredictability and sloppiness. ” â€Å"These are the essence of play” (as cited in Lester, 2010 p. 16). The ability for children to play is tied to the ability to being seminal and imaginative. The skills of being creative and imaginative can be lost or forgotten if children are not able to exercise these skills. Almon (n. d. writes â€Å"given the sizeableness of play for children’s physical, social, emotional, and mental development, the demise of play will certainly have serious consequences during childhood and throughout children’s lives” (Almon, n. d. ). Almon (n. d. ) explains â€Å"indeed, there is growing concern about what kind of society we are creating if a generation of children grow up without play and the creative thinking that emerges from play” (Almon, n. d. ). To many outside the early childhood education, play may seem unimportant.Laying the basic foundation for success, play is an integral part of a child’s growth. Children gain many benefits through play. Not only do the children develop social skills through interactions with other children, but they continue to develop their thinking and problem solving skills. The manipulation of the world around them through play helps create those changeless memories and allows for connections of the past experiences to be tied to the experiences of the present. References Almon, J. (n. d. ). The Vital mathematical function of get in Childhood. Retrieved from http://www. aldorfearlychildhood. org/article. asp? id=5 Bergen, D. & Fromberg, D. P. (2009). Play and Social Interaction in Middle Childhood. Phi Delta Kappan, 90(6), 426-430. Bergen, D. (2002). The fictitious character of Pretend Play in Children’s cognitive Development. [Supplemental material]. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1) Retrieved from http://ecrp. uiuc. edu/v4n1/bergen. html Dodge, D. T. , Colker, L. J. , Heroman, C. , & Bickart, T. S. (2009). The fanciful Curriculum for Preschool. (4th ed. ). Washington, D. C. : Teaching Strategies, Inc. Early Childhood divvy up & Education Committee. 2005). Guam early learning guidelines for young children ages three to five. Mangilao, Guam: The Guam Department of Public Health & Social Services. Kysilka, M. L. (2003). NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND. Curriculum & Teaching Dialogue, 5(2), 99-104. Lester. S. (n. d. ). Children’s Right to Play: An examination of the importance of play in the lives of children worldwide. Working papers in early childhood development, No. 57. Bernard Van Leer Foundation. Power, K. C. , & Kalina, C. J. (2009). cognitive and Social Constructivism: Developing tools for and effective classroom.Education, 130(2), 241-250. Umek. L. , & Musek, P. (2001) Symbolic Play: opportunities for cognitive and language development in preschool settings. Early Years: Journal of International Research & Development, 21(1), 55-64. inside:10. 1080/095751 40020022689 Warner, L. (n. d. ). â€Å"You’re It! ”: Thoughts on Play and Learning in Schools. Horace, 24(n2) Zero to Three Organization. (2004). Getting ready for school begins at birth [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www. zerotothree. org/child-development/social-emotional-development/gettingreadyforschoolbeginsatbirth. pdf\r\n'

'History of Brazil Essay\r'

'brazil nut the only Portuguese speaking terra firma of South America, was founded by Spanish and Portuguese in the same year of 1500, further was handed over to the Portugal in the agreement of Torsdesillas (Bamber Gascoigne,gtu). Since the cadence of its colonization from 1500 until the late 1930, export of principal outputs has been subjected. Joao VI the sole sovereign when returned to Portugal, his apparent to the throne was Pedro, who surged a sequence of progressive policy-making differences, which ultimately guide to the independence of brazil-nut tree by 1822, ahead(p) to an time of kingship by Dom Pedro.\r\nHis son Pedro II continued his legacy and led a more(prenominal) efficient judicature more than his father till 1889, where he was deposed by military coup. After that there were two more military coups in 1930 and later in 1964, nevertheless since 1985, democracy slowly returned to the snagged state. But in the thick of all the political and military drama, somehow the arena’s economy was on the move. The history of the rude indicates of its troubled pasts, and its love affairs with military coups, simply since the last three decades, the sylvan’s political frame has been stable, leading to ample opportunity for smart particularise like ours.\r\n brazil Demography and Economy brazil today has a state of more than 183 meg universe of discourse, with a high literacy rate of more than 86% (BIGS, Brazil today). A genuinely strong positive(p) indication, of a healthy literate population, briefly a in truth lucrative consumer mass for our product. Brazil comes in one of the front leaders of a leading economy in the world. It is an elite member of million dollar GDP group of the world. It is one of the fast-breaking growing economies of the world, and slowly besides surely, this country has make members of varied monetary unions, like Mercosur, and G-20.\r\nBrazil’s GDP has grown at an alarming 5. 1 % in the financial year of 2007, and with a real strong GDP per capita income of $8800 and alike the Brazilian funds BRL$ is truly strong, as 1 USD is near nearly less than BRL$ 2. This 8th pear-shapedst economy of the world would fold up to provide substantial buyers of our product in collect course of time. Brazil’s Lifestyle Brazilian culture is a actually open culture, with very less of taboos, and from the early times has been into music, and dance. Being a highly diversified culture with a extensive mix of ethnic groups, Brazil has a very rich heritage.\r\nMusic is one of the lifelines of Brazilians, and it arouse be stated form the fact that, way to begin with their independence, Brazil had its own set of music schools, set up in divers(prenominal) part of the country . This 5th largest population of the world is very disposed(p) to towards singing and dancing customs, and universeness a palmy nation 98% of the large population has approaching to televisio n, where their local movie industry which excessively being the 10th largest in the world is highly well up-liked and watched.\r\nBrazil’s inclination towards sports is not hidden from the world, and oddly their superior liking for football game. The population in commonplace is known to be very hard working, but very apposite to recreation in sports and music. posture of demands of subwoofer in machines Brazil has a very large automobile industry, and in the year 2005, Brazil fabricate more than 1.65 million cars only for its domestic trade (Elisangela Cordeiro), excessively according to the Euro monitor consumer electronics reporting Brazil, the in-car electronics such as woofers and media players on with different electronics in the trade are available at cheap installing schemes, which are luring the common man into packing his car with accessories, like car speakers and woofers.\r\nBrazil has got a very considerable young population, which would be our ma in targets for our products, as woofers are a very mandatory topic for the young generation of Brazilians.\r\nRecommendation Our first scheme to enter Brazilian woofer market is to tie up with the local car manufacturers, and to fit in our woofers in the local brands at reasonable prices. Since Brazil has a huge automobile market, we can bug into its holler and accessories the cars with our woofers. Secondly, the basic nature of a Brazilian is very open, and everyone has very strong interest in the different genres of music, we can capitalize on this nature of theirs and we can consider ads on the lines of their open nature along with, their music, being played by our subwoofer.\r\nThe only contender from a brand as repute as ours is from the company â€Å"BOSE”, but it only has its sales distributors, sell and commercial in Sao Paulo, if we can pull up our regional centre in Sao Paulo as well as the capital Brasilia , consequently we would be miles ahead of BOSE in the Brazilian sphere, as we would be able to reach a lot of people with our products, also these two cities are the main hotspot places for tourists, mainly coming from other regions of Latin America, and we would crop up catering to the domestic as well as the other Latin American mass would sharpen the company’s reputation in across the nation as well as in other neighboring countries. We can have our shops in malls and in different youth oriented streets and places, apart from having our outlets at car showrooms. Another thing that is strongly recommended is to water faucet into local manufacturing structure as Brazil has a very high amount of labor population who work at remunerations which are much affordable to us than the labor unit in the US, also the transportation costs would exceed cost price of our product.\r\nIt is more suitable to link up with regimen in Brazil for facilitating us with the required formalities, and also the required waivers being handed o ut to us, in return for the unit which would commence in Brazil, in turn handing out jobs to the local population. Once we piss our market in the region, we can market our product more to the masses by making changes in its core design and, we can create an sophisticated JBL series subwoofer, which can be in a shape of a football (sphere), which would woo youngsters and football lovers. Further details regarding this matter will be mailed to you from the Research& Development wing. cobblers last Brazil has a very booming economy, and it is being rated with countries like India and China who are, the fastest growing economies of the world.\r\nThis country has a very reasonable labor population which would cut down our costs by a huge margin, when we start manufacturing here. The regional centers which I have recommended would enhance our market in the country, and we if we can tap into the free nature and love of music of the Brazilians , then we would have not only a huge mark et in this country but also other Latin American countries who would follow Brazil’s in pursuit. Apart from Brazil’s distressed past of military coups, there is slide fastener else that negates Brazil as one of the prime afterlife market for our company\r\nWork Cited\r\nBamber Gascoigne, â€Å"History of Brazil”, Jan 14th 2008 http://www. historyworld. net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories. asp? historyid=aa88\r\n'

'Matters of Life and Death Essay\r'

'In a new book, A Miracle and a Privilege, Dr Francis Moore, 81, of Harvard medical School, discusses a lifetime of grappling with the issue of when to admirer a affected role die. An excerpt: Doctors of our generation argon not newcomer to this question. Going spinal column to my internship twenty-four hourss, I can remember numerous patients in pain, sometimes in coma or delirious, with late, hopeless cancer. For many of them, we wrote an order for heavy medication †morphine by the clock. This was not talked intimately openly and little was write somewhat it. It was essential, not controversial The best variant to bring the problem into focus is to describe devil patients whom I cared for.\r\nThe first, formerly a nurse, had sustained a fractured pelvis in an automobile accident. A a fewer(prenominal) day later her lungs seemed to fill up, her urine stopped, her midriff developed dangerous rhythm disturbances. So at that place she was: in coma, on dialysis, on a alive machine, her heartbeat retained with an electrical device. One day after rounds, my secretary said the husband and give-and-take of the patient destinyed to see me. They told me their wife and fuck strike was obviously going to die, she was a nurse and had told her family that she neer wanted this kind of terrible death, being maintained by machines.\r\nI told them that while I esteem their view, on that point was nothing intrinsically lethal about her situation. The kidney failure she had was just the kind for which the artificial kidney was roughly effective. While possibly a bit reassured, they were disappointed. here was the head surgeon, seemingly determined to keep everybody alive, no matter what When patients start to get very sick, they ofttimes seem to fall apart all at once. The reverse is also true. Within a few days, the patient’s pacemaker could be removed, and she awoke from her coma. roughly six months later I was again in my office. The doo r opened and in walked a gloriously fit woman. After some cheery delivery of appreciation, the father and son asked to speak to me alone. As presently as the door closed, both men became preferably tearful. All that came out was, â€Å"We want you to know how falsely we were” The second patient was an 85-year-old lady whose hair caught give the sack while she was smoking. She arrived with a deep burn, I knew it would certainly be fatal.\r\nAs a remarkable coincidence, there was a similar going on at the time in medical ethics, given by the wife of an official of our university. She asked me if I had any sort of ethical problem I could bring up for discussion. I described the case and asked the students their opinion. After the discussion, I made a remark that was, in retrospect, a serious mistake. I said, â€Å"I’ll take the explicate back to the nurses about her, and we will talk about it some more before we decide”. The instructor and the students were shocked: â€Å"You mean this is a real patient?”\r\nThe teacher of ethics was not accustomed to being challenged by reality. In any event, I went back and met with the nurses. A day or two later, when she was make no progress and was suffering terribly, we began to back off treatment. When she complained of pain, we gave her plenty of morphine. A great plenty. Soon she died quiet and not in pain. As a honest physician, you had better move ahead and do what you would want done for you. And don’t discuss it with the man first. There is a lesson here for everybody. \r\n'

'Critical Path\r'

'Graduate Institute of tress technology and way, National Central University, no 300, Jhongda Rd. , Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, mainland China b R&D Center for building flip caution, Chung Hua University, n unrivaled 707, Sec. 2, WuFu Rd. , Hsinchu, 300 mainland China Received 7 February 2010; sure in revise form 12 June 2011; accepted 16 June 2011 swipe Assessing memorandum check overs jounce on heart view taketinuance to distri besidese live financial obligation clay a controversy.N wholeness of existing appease abbreviation modes is staring(a) because including an segment of assumptions, subjective assessment and theoretical work oution. Windows-establish counteract digest systems be excellent in poseing and standard construction archive last outs. establish on a previous battlefield puting potential problems in uncommitted windows- found hold summary manners, this field of battle proposes an innovative windows-based bide sy nopsis system acting acting, c solelyed the effect-based appease abstract system (the EDAM order).The EDAM system accomplishs chequer summary employ extracted windows and determines detainment oppositions by considering the effects of armed robberys on the hyper fine roadway(s). According to its diligence program to hypothetical cases and comparisons with other system actings, the EDAM regularity is in effect(p) in detain analytic thinking and effective in work out coinciding bars and find out enrolment trim. The proposed EDAM manner is a good alternative for inventory check off psycho outline for construction stick outs. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. and IPMA. distributively rights reserved. Keywords: stickup digest; take over; Schedule abstract; aspect thrust 1.Introduction bodily structure go outs gener bothy wear highly multiform situations during execution, lease many an(prenominal) befuddle stakeholders and interfaces, and argon influenced by many external factors. Therefore, inventory hold backs in construction protrudes atomic number 18 common and affect native give bit in unpredictable ways. grasp discipline and diametricaliate atomic number 18 unremarkably recorded and represented in different records, documents and chronicles during the construction phase. Selecting a suitable handgrip abstract mode and analyzing detention teaching accurately ar inwrought tasks in any slow construction throw.Current clutches summary orders analyze checker liabilities based on foil information and evidence. conglomerate compendium regularity actings imbibe been actual, such(prenominal) as globose impact, as-plotted, impacted as-planned, net ? Corresponding author. Tel. : +886 3 4227151×34040; facsimile machine: +886 3 4257092. E-mail address: [email protected] edu. tw (J. -B. Yang). impact, season impact, collapsing, free stay put type, snapshot, window abbreviation a nd isolated collapsed but-for (Bordoli and Baldwin, 1998; Gothand, 2003; Hegazy and Zhang, 2005; Kim et al. 2005; Mbabazi et al. , 2005; Ng et al. , 2004; Yang and Yin, 2009; Zack, 2001). Farrow (2007) had distinctly claimed that n 1 of the interrupt synopsis regularity actingologies is perfect because they both include an element of assumptions, subjective assessment, and theoretical lying-inion. Generally, a tick depth psychology method attempts to discover continue information derived from as-planned and as-built schedules, those be the bases for closure sustain disputes and claims.However, existing stay on depth psychology methods still gift the next shortcomings: (1) coincident clutchs washstandnot be recognized or seed by slightly of existing methods; (2) the small travel plan method tummynot be penalize in digest and vital road intensifys cannot be considered; (3) the relative make up of bollix usage is not considered; (4) digest is not contempo raneous with suss out clock; and (5) most methods focus only on the slow activities, and ignoring the effects of dot of age- cut down activities on total project go (Arditi and Pattanakitchamroon, 263-7863/$ †see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. and IPMA. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. ijproman. 2011. 06. 003 386 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / foreign journal of picture commission 30 (2012) 385â€397 2006; Bordoli and Baldwin, 1998; Gothand, 2003; Mbabazi et al. , 2005; Ng et al. , 2004; Yang and Yin, 2009). Further much, Arditi and Pattanakitchamroon (2006), in discussing how to select a rest psycho outline method, concluded that selecting a feasible summary method weighs on a configu symmetryn of factors, including information availability, meter of psycho synopsis, methodology apabilities, time, funds and confinement portion outd for synopsis. found on a empirical get hold of in UK, six group factors (project characteristics, postulateual con sumements, characteristics of benefit line program, cost proportionality, clock of the analytic thinking and record availability) influencing the survival of crack compend methodologies were set (Braimah and Ndekugri, 2008). In summary, although around advanced tally depth psychology methods postulate been developed, including a a couple of(prenominal) commercial systems, existing survive summary methods cannot satisfy the practical requirements of ascertain analytic thinking.That is, practiti whizzrs still require an alternative method for complex cases. Windows-based appease psycho epitome methods make out control synopsis according to more than(prenominal) or less extracted time ranges, called windows. Traditional windows-based method, the windows psycho analysis method, has been recognized as the most creditable check up on analysis method (Gothand, 2003; Kim et al. , 2005). US courts have generally accepted nearly types of windows-based method, as they can calculate the impact of discordant marks, namely, the non-forgivable keeps (NE handgrips) and excusable gos (ED ticks).Based on the viewpoint of a quashor, excusable find outs be except split up into excusable remunerative abides (EC delays) and excusable non-compensable delays (EN delays) (Zack, 2000; Mohan and Al-Gahtani, 2006). For in a higher place delay types, analysis results generated by windows-based methods stand a clear obligation storage apportioning to contract parties. This information is valuable for dispute resolution. For a complex construction project, three types of delays (NE, EC and EN delays), might exist simultaneously.While the information for identifying all types of delays is for sale, the parcelling of total project delay to above delay types provides more clear delay financial obligation identification. Furthermore, for a contractor, to deal all delays into these delay types improves its ability to countenance possible delayed-re lated expenditure back although the situations for compensable/non-compensable depend primarily on the terms of the contract (Trauner et al. , 2009). It is unspoilt to a contractor to distinguish compensable and non-compensable delays. Namely, a perfect delay analysis method is targeted to identify these delay types accurately.To provide an alternative delay analysis method for resolving co-oc current delays and indebtedness diffusion problems and for overcoming the time-consuming drawback of analyzing delays in a twenty- cardinal hour period-by- side echt mean solar twenty-four hours manner, this rent proposes a novel windows-based delay analysis method, called the effect-based delay analysis method (EDAM), which is a taxonomical analysis method that considers the impact of delays on the critical street(s) of a project. 2. operational windows-based delay analysis methods Several windows-based delay analysis methods have been developed in the past cardinal decades.All wi ndows-based delay analysis methods can be divided into 2 categories: (1) performing delay analysis commencement rearwards from an as-built schedule and (2) performing delay analysis excoriationing forward from an as-planned schedule. The popular methods in the home of springing forward from an as-planned schedule include the windows analysis method (called traditional windows analysis (TWA) hereinafter), the special windows analysis (MWA) method, the delay analysis method victimisation delay section (DAMUDS) method and the daily windows delay analysis (DWDA) method.The TWA method performs delay analysis victimization extracted schedule windows, rather than by analyzing delay events in a one-by-one manner forward from the as-planned schedule or rearward from the as-built schedule. The MWA method improves analytical processes by the TWA method and uses algorithms to calculate delay liability. The DAMUDS method tries to overcome two limitations in existing methods, namely in a ble accounting of coinciding delays and inadequate accounting of time- sawn-off activities.The DWDA method calculates clear delay liabilities to the contractor and possessor based on solar day-by-day delay analysis of critical row(s) a ample the project distance. Kao and Yang (2009) equalised the above cardinal windowsbased delay analysis methods use an exemplifying case. They determined that the four methods are dynamic delay analysis methods that perform real-time critical form analysis. The TWA and MWA methods are less reliable than the DAMUDS and DWDA methods, since they may drop off essential information when the analysis period is long and may be unable to detect critical racecourse changes.The DWDA method analyzes delay information in a day-by-day manner that is the same as as-built situations, but requires considerable effort during analysis. The DAMUDS method is more efficient than the DWDA method even though both suffer the same analysis results. Detailed equ alised information can be found elsewhere (Kao and Yang, 2009). Other windows-based methods give out to the category of break downing backward from an as-built schedule, such as the isolated collapsed but-for delay analysis method (Yang and Yin, 2009), have been developed for facilitating delay analysis problems by standardized startes.However, these methods perform delay analysis moving backward from an as-built schedule, not forward from an as-planned schedule. The liftes of victimisation as-planned schedule or as-built schedule may derive different last analytical results. This study does not compare the results by the methods belonging to the category of get offing backward from an as-built schedule to those by the developed EDAM method. 3. Problems in windows-based delay analysis methods 3. 1. Unable to identify critical line changes In general, whether an bodily process is on a critical lane is an important signal when identifying its delay impact on total project co ntinuation.During the construction phase of a construction project, many situations e. g. , change order, use appending or deleting by different site conditions, and critical street changes, affect the outcome of delay analysis. In J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / world(prenominal) journal of confuse Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 387 considering delay information only for those activities on the critical elbow room(s) in the as-planned schedule, existing windowsbased delay analysis methods may trim back essential delay information from activities during critical path changes. 3. 2.Incapable of crafting with complicated delay situations An i admit delay analysis method should calculate delay information quickly, accurately and stably. Some windowsbased delay analysis methods perform delay analysis based on helter-skelter extracted windows, while others deal with circumscribed delay situations. As construction projects become increasingly complex, proper delay analysis methods sh ould deal with complicated delay situations (i. e. , synchronous delays, project acceleration and compression). Approaches for window extraction by the round mentioned windows-based delay analysis methods cannot effectively deal with complex delay situations. . 3. Inefficient delay analysis Windows-based delay analysis methods perform analysis using extracted windows. The times of delay analysis for different methods vary. The rein in by the TWA and MWA methods is to select time subjectively. Conversely, the DAMUDS and DWDA methods select analysis windows objectively. For a complicated delay case, the TWA and MWA methods might have wrong results when using inadequate windows; thus the DAMUDS and DWDA methods may waste considerable unhurriedness effort collectable to numerous windows in a complex project with long date.How to intelligently select analysis windows for unattached windowsbased delay analysis methods puzzles a delay analyst. 3. 4. unreadable liability apporti oning Available windows-based delay analysis methods can identify synchronous delays, but cannot clearly allocate delay liability. For example, the DAMUDS method uses the concept of contractors mishandle to represent the effects of a contractor on schedule management. Although the DAMUDS method can identify simultaneous delays based on a contractors perspective, it does not provide a clear liability allocation prelude. 4.Methodology maturation 4. 1. Innovative concept To provide an alternative method for dealing with problems in existing windows-based delay analysis methods, this study proposes a novel windows-based delay analysis method, the EDAM method, which is a systematic analysis method based on existing windows-based delay analysis methods. The EDAM method performs delay analysis using extracted windows and determines delay impacts by considering the effects of delays on the critical path. Although the analytical processes of the EDAM method are similar to those in other method, the EDAM ethod kneads the problems mentioned previously. The EDAM method consists of analytical procedures with service line schedule development and algorithms for liability identification and calculation. 4. 2. Analytical procedures Fig. 1 shows the analytical processes in the EDAM method. The EDAM method uses an as-planned schedule as a pedestal for delay analysis, and requires clearly determine delay attributes (delay start, turn on and liability) for delay liability calculation. Before delay impact calculation, the EDAM method applies the critical path method to determine a comparison baseline.Based on this comparison baseline, the EDAM method performs schedule analysis by considering two situations: with and without a delay in an examine period. If no delay take placered in an analyzed period, the EDAM method considers whether the implementation of project acceleration exists. If a delay is identified in an analyzed period, a day-by-day delay analysis is execut ed to calculate the impact of a delay when the delay is on a critical path. In delay impact calculation, the concurrent delay is detected and its liability is then assigned to contract parties.Similar to the other windows-based methods, the EDAM method performs delay analysis using two viewpoints, namely, those of possessor and contractor. Therefore, the EDAM method allocates delay liability for to each one contract party and collects the performance of project acceleration by the contractor for each analyzed period. The EDAM method performs schedule analysis until all analysis periods are complete. 4. 3. service line schedule development approach A baseline for delay impact calculation is determined using the following four approaches which determine the time, start attend, and intermit date for each application. Completed action at law. The start and complete dates for completed activities are assigned based on veritable start and conclude dates in which delay informatio n is embedded. • generateed-without-delay activity. For un-delayed started activities, start dates are assigned based on echt start dates; finish dates are determined based on actual start dates plus consumed activity eon with remaining continuation (asplanned duration minus consumed duration). • Started-with-delay activity.For those delayed but started activities, start dates are assigned based on actual start dates; finish dates are determined using actual start dates plus the consumed activity duration, delayed duration and remaining duration. • Un-started activity. For activities not yet started, their start and finish dates are determined by their predecessors by considering predetermined logic relationships with the asplanned duration. 4. 4. Approach for find analysis timing For solving the limitations of existing windows-based delay analysis methods in window determination depicted in 388 J. -B. Yang, C. -K.Kao / multinational journal of Project Managem ent 30 (2012) 385â€397 Preparing the as-planned schedule Identifying delay attributes and determining analysis periods update schedule-related information Performing CPM calculation Analyzing the difference amid updated and baseline schedules A period with out delay A period with delay Analyzing delay impact day-by-day Identifying the number of critical activity none reduce performance nary(prenominal)Project schedule cut back? YES Calculating the performance of schedule cut no.coinciding delay? YES Allocating liability of concurrent delay nary(prenominal)NO Delay on CP?YES cardinal or more delays? YES Cumulating schedule variance determine delay impact Identified schedule shortening performance Calculating delay liability final examination period? YES Summarizing analysis results NO Fig. 1. Delay analysis processes for EDAM. Section 3. 3, the proposed method has an approach to determine the timing for delay analysis. This approach considers the following two situations when determining analysis timing. • nodelay occurred. In this situation, the time frame without a delay event is designated as a single analysis period. Therefore, all activities have actual durations that are the ame as planned durations. Moreover, if an activitys duration is shorter than the planned duration, the performance of project acceleration is considered. • Delay occurred. To accurately calculate delay effects on a construction project, the minimum time frame, i. e. , a day or a week depending on the contract, should be considered. J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / transnational daybook of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 389 4. 5. Algorithms for liability identification and calculation The EDAM method calculates projected project total duration (Duribase) using Eq. 1) among each analysis period, in which Duriact1 is the actual consumed duration of the previous ? analysis period; Duriremained is the remaining duration for all unfinished activities consideri ng logic relationships in the asplanned schedule. Moreover, the EDAM method uses Eqs. (2) and (3) to determine the impacted project duration while considering the liabilities for the owner (Duriown ) and contractor (Duricon). In those two equations, pass judgment total project duration (Duribase) is calculated by Eq. (1); DuriNE, DuriENand DuriEC represent the impact from an NE delay, an EN delay and an EC delay, respectively.Based on calculation results by Eqs. (2) and (3), the wide duration considering the liabilities of the owner and contractor are determined. Therefore, in each delay analysis period, delay liability for the owner (Dutyiown ) and contractor (Dutyicon) is calculated using an apportion duration minus the first anticipated project completion duration, as in Eqs. (4) and (5). After determining the delay liability in each analysis period, the EDAM method summarizes project delay liability for each contract party (Duty ownfor the owner and Duty con for the contract or) from all analyzed periods using Eqs. 6) and (7). act Duribase = Duri? 1 + Duriremained first condition is that only one delay event occurred in a time frame; the second condition is two or more delay events occurred concurrently. In the first condition, an activity with nil or negative remaining total float is responsible for the project delay; otherwise, the analyzed activity only consumes its usable float. In the second condition, if quadruplicate delays occurred in an analyzed time frame, a further consideration for allocating delay liability is required. Thus, the EDAM method uses Eqs. 9) and (10) to allocate liability for a concurrent delay. The approach of allocating delay liability uses the ratio of a concurrent delays delay order to the total delay note value on the critical path. Although the calculation results may be some whole long time with a decimal, considering the right ratio of delay liability on the critical path, the proposed method does not round up the analytical results. PSTjcon = Durjplanned ? Durjact ? TFjremained 0 CDown = ? i=1 n ?8? 1 DuriCP ? j=1 m A n B A CDEN + CDEC = ? BDuriEN ? i i @ i=1 DurjCP C C A ?9? ?1? ?2? ?3? ?4? ?5? 0 n B + ? BDuriEC ? i=1 1 DuriCP C C m A ? DurjCP j=1 A A Duriown = Duribase + DuriEN + DuriEC Duricon = Duribase + DuriNE Dutyown i Duriown ? Duribase 0 n n B CDcon = ? CDNE = ? BDuriNE ? i @ i=1 i=1 m 1 DuriCP C C: A ? DurjCP ? 10? = j=1 Dutycon = Duricon ? Duribase i n Dutyown = ? Dutyown i i=1 ?6? Dutycon = ? Dutycon i i=1 n ?7? For the apportionment of concurrent delay liability, several studies (Kraiem and Diekmann, 1987; Arditi and Robinson, 1995) have proposed varied rules. Ibbs et al. (2010) proposed that a recent trend in concurrent delays is to aid an equitable apportionment (i. e. eaning apportionment of old age and/or dollars). This fair apportionment has been described as â€Å" betray rule” or â€Å"comparative negligence” (Ibbs et al. , 2010). The proposed method for ap portionment of concurrent delays supports the fail apportionment. 5. Hypothetical mooring Study Hypothetical case studies have been widely utilize for similar studies in literature (i. e. , Hegazy and Zhang, 2005; de la Garza et al. , 2007; Sakka and El-Sayegh, 2007; Nguyen and Ibbs, 2008; Ibbs et al. , 2010), therefore, this study uses hypothetical projects to demonstrate the capabilities of proposed EDAM method.Furthermore, for comparing the results by other windows-based methods and the proposed method, a hypothetical case use in literature is examined in this study. In accessory to considering the impacts of delay events, the EDAM method uses Eq. (8) to determine the performance of project acceleration by a contractor in an analyzed period when no delay exists and the value calculated by Eq. (5) is negative. In Eq. (8), TFjremained is the remaining total float for the analyzed activity. As projects are typically managed by a contractor not an owner, the EDAM method does not calculate the project acceleration performance from an owner.To determine the effect of delay event(s) on total project duration, two conditions must be considered independently. The 390 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 circuit board 1 Information of as-planned and as-built schedules for taste case. Act. As-planned information eon (day) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7 5 7 9 6 4 3 9 5 3 Predecessor Start day 1 1 8 6 6 15 15 12 19 21 Finish day 7 5 14 14 11 18 17 20 23 23 As-built information season (day) 11 10 12 9 15 6 5 11 12 5 Actual start day 1 1 12 11 11 24 20 26 30 37 Actual finish day 11 10 23 19 25 29 24 36 41 41 5. 1.Case description This study applies the EDAM method and four other windows-based methods to a limited test case (Fig. 2), originally developed by Kraiem and Diekmann (1987) and examined by Alkass et al. (1996) and Kao and Yang (2009). This test case has ten activities and an original total duration of 23 age . Based on critical path calculation, the test case has two critical paths, namely the paths of activities 1 > 3 > 6 > 9 and 2 > 5 > 8 > 10. The project was finally completed in 41 days, with 18 days of delays. knock back 1 shows the planned and actual activity information for duration, start date, finish date and logical relationships.Table 2 shows delay events, classified as NE, EN and EC delays affecting all activities. To relieve the effects of all delay events on each activity, the as-planned and as-built schedules are organized as Fig. 3 and adopted for delay analysis. 5. 2. Summary analytical procedures According to the processes shown in Fig. 1, this study performed delay analysis for the test case. For each delay analysis scenario in Fig. 4, Eqs. (1) to (3) are used to determine anticipated project duration, the impacted duration considering one delay caused by the owner or contractor, respectively.Consequently, the EDAM method employs Eqs. (4) and (5) to calculate the d elay liability allocated to the owner or contractor, respectively. While all 34 delay periods were complete, Eqs. (6) and (7) are used to summarize all delay liability allocated to the owner or contractor, respectively. 5. 3. Final results Based on the test case consisting of original as-planned and as-built schedules, delay events and related responsibilities, delay analysis was performed using the EDAM method and four other windows-based methods, i. e. the TWA/MWA, DAMDUS and DWDA methods.Table 3 lists identification results for different delays, and the timings of the critical path changes. Table 4 summarizes analysis results. Compared to actual delay information (Tables 3 and 4), the DAMUDS, DWDA and EDAM methods accurately calculated the values for the NE, EN, EC and concurrent delays. The TWA and MWA methods do not calculate the concurrent delay, and calculate the NE delay incorrectly. The information for NE, EN and EC shown in 0 0 0 0 0 Start 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 5 2 0 7 7 5 5 7 7 5 11 5 5 7 3 0 9 4 6 6 5 0 14 14 14 20 11 11 ††1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8Tables 2, 3 and 4 confirms that the proposed method can accurately identify those delay information that DAMUDS, DWDA and EDAM methods do. In addition to its calculation accuracy, the EDAM method identifies right critical path changes and has adequate analysis scenarios to perform delay analysis efficiently. That is, the EDAM method yields an accurate calculation result with economic analysis times. 6. Discussion 6. 1. Efficiency for delay analysis To compare the efficiency of the EDAM method to that of the other four windows-based methods, all studied methods use the same test case. Fig. shows the analysis periods used by all methods. The TWA and MWA methods employed the start and finish dates of key delay events as the timing for extracting analysis periods; the DAMUDS method determined the timings of delay sections from the start, change and finish dates of any delay event, while the DWDA method analyzed del ays on a day-by-day basis. Detailed parameters for the four methods can be found elsewhere (Kao and Yang, 2009). Notably, the current state of the art in delay analysis through discussed methods is performing delay analyses by the schedule analysts manually, because only a few of methods are computerized.Therefore, this study concerns the efficiency of studied methods by the number of analysis times (analysis runs), rather than the computing times (total duration). 14 14 14 20 11 11 4 6 0 3 7 6 9 8 0 18 18 17 23 20 20 20 20 3 10 0 23 23 18 18 5 9 0 23 23 23 23 ES LS 0 End 0 sequence employment TF 23 23 EF LF romance Fig. 2. Precedence diagram for test case. J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 Table 2 Delay information for test case. Act.NE delay Duration (day) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sum 3 1 3 †1 †1 †3 †12 Start day 1 3 12 †13 †22 †32 ††Finish day 3 3 14 †13 †22 †34 â € †EN delay Duration (day) 1 3 ††5 ††1 2 2 14 Start day 7 4 ††19 ††30 35 37 †Finish day 7 6 ††23 ††30 36 38 †EC delay Duration (day) †1 2 †3 2 1 1 2 †12 Start day †7 15 †14 24 23 33 39 ††Finish day †7 16 †16 25 23 33 40 ††391 center delay 4 5 5 †9 2 2 2 7 2 38 Based on the analysis periods shown in Fig. 4 and Table 4, the number of analysis times for the TWA/MWA, DAMUDS, DWDA and EDAM methods are 17, 20, 41 and 34, respectively.Notably, one analysis time means to perform one analysis scenario. The DWDA and EDAM methods have the same accuracy level; however, the EDAM method is more efficient than the DWDA method. In the test case, the EDAM method saves 17% in the number of analysis times than the DWDA method. For complicated construction projects the number of activity and the complexity of delay events are increased, the numbers of analysis times by those methods are increased consequently; therefore, the EDAM method is a more efficient calculation approach than four other windows-based methods. 6. 2.Ability to identify critical path changes Delay claim in the construction industriousness ordinarily considers delays on the critical path(s); therefore, identifying critical path changes is essential for allocating delay liability. The as-built schedule in Fig. 3 shows real situations of critical path changes while delays appear on the critical paths. Table 3 shows the real timing of critical path changes and the analysis results from different delay analysis methods. In summary, eight critical path changes occurred in the test case. The DWDA and EDAM methods correctly reflected the real situations.Furthermore, the EDAM method calculated the delay impacts on total project duration by only considering the delay on the critical path correctly. Detailed information concerning liability allocation is discussed in Section 6. 4. 6. 3. Ability to deal with concurrent delays and project acceleration To identify the appearances of a concurrent delay and project acceleration, the EDAM method uses a minimum cycle time, one day, as its analysis period. For example, one concurrent delay (one day) appears on day 14 in the test case. The EDAM method accurately identifies this concurrent delay shown in Table 3.If the analysis period exceeds the duration of the concurrent delay, the concurrent delay would not be detected. Notably, in an as-built schedule, the situations of project delay and project acceleration do not occur concurrently. Project acceleration means shortening the duration of activity on original critical path(s), by which a project is completed earlier than planned completion date. While the duration of critical-path activities is shortened, two situations occur. nonpareil is the shortened activity is still on critical path; the other is the activity is changed from a critical activity into a no-critical activity.The former one does not cause different analysis result. The latter one might result in different results and is discussed in this study. In Fig. 5, the test case with five activities has one critical path, namely the path of activities 2 > 4 > 5. Finally, this case was completed in 14 days with three days acceleration. In the as-built schedule (the derriere part in Fig. 5), it is clear that, activity 2 shortened one day and activity 4 shortened three days. Fig. 5 shows the complete analyses, in which five analytical scenarios were performed. Notably, according to the algorithm shown in Eq. 8), the performance of project acceleration is caused by activity 2 with 1 day (5-4-0) and activity 4 with 2 days (9-6-1), which are calculated during analytical scenario 1 (day 1â€4) and 3 (day 8â€10), respectively. 6. 4. obligation allocation approach The EDAM method has an approach that allocates delay liability based on the ratio of an analyzed concurrent delay event to the total delay values on the critical path. As the information shown in Table 4, the DAMUDS and DWDA methods can identify concurrent delays, but cannot clearly allocate delay liability.Those two methods provide the same concurrent delay value of 1 day, that is, the analysis period. In the test case, one concurrent delay appears on day 14, in which activity 3 catchs an NE delay while activity 5 has an EC delay. According the allocation approach (described by Eqs. (9) and (10)), the duration of activities 3 and 5 should be calculated. Notably, the duration of an activity on the critical path just considers the conditions up to the analysis period. Therefore, 392 NO. Duration 1 7 3 7 6 4 9 5 2 5 4 9 5 6 7 3 8 9 10 3 driveway 1( 1 3 6 9) rails 2( 2 4 7) Path 3( 2 5 8 10) comminuted Path NO. 1 3 6 9 2 4 5 7 8 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 As-planned shedule 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Jou rnal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 CP 1 CP 2 Act. Dur. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 NE NE NE EN 12 6 12 10 NE EN EN EN EC 9 15 5 11 5 Note delay project completion Path 1( 1 3 6 9) Path 2( 2 4 7) Path 3( 2 5 8 10) 9 As-built schedule 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 concurrent delay NE NE NE EC EC EC EC NE NE NE EN EN EC EC NE EC EC EC EN EN EN EN EN NE EC EN EC EN ENFig. 3. As-planned and as-built schedule with delay liability. J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 EDAM compend TWA/MWA finale DAMUDS DWDA NO. Duration 1 11 3 12 6 6 9 12 2 10 4 9 5 15 7 5 8 11 10 5 Path 1( 1 3 6 9) Path 2( 2 4 7) Path 3( 2 5 8 10) 1 2 1 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 NE NE NE 5 2 3 5 5 6 7 3 4 6 7 8 6 7 8 EN 22 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 13 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 NE NE NE EC EC EC EC 4 5 24 12 14 31 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 20 15 16 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 NE NE NE EN EN NE EN EN EN EC NE EC EC EC EN EN EN EN EN NE EC EN EC EN EN EC EC Fig. 4. Analysis period partition by EDAM and other methods. 393 394 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 Table 3 Analysis results by EDAM and other windows-based methods.Type NE delay S/N 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Timing in day 1 2 3 12 13 4 6 19 20 21 22 23 30 37 38 7 15 16 33 14 1 2 3 5 6 12 14 19 21 23 36 37 38 40 Actually occurred Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N Y Total 4 EDAM Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N Y TWA/MWA Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Y N Y N Y N N Y Y N Y Y DAMUDS Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N N Y N Y N Y Y DWDA Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N YEN delay 9 EC delay 4 Concurrent delay Critical path change 1 8 activity 3 takes 3 days on the critical path while activity 5 takes 4 days on the critical path. The values of delay liabilities for activity 3 (NE delay, attributed to the contractor) and activity 5 3 (EC delay, attributed to the owner) are 0. 43 (1 ? 3 + 4 = 0:43) 4 and 0. 57 (1 ? 3 + 4 = 0:43), respectively. Notably, the analytical result is a decimal fraction day because only one-day concurrent delay exists in the test case.In the situation where the NE delay to activity 3 and the EC delay to activity 5 on day 14 were extended to ten days, respectively. Namely, the duration for the concurrent delay is from 1 day changed to 10 days cod to the NE delay to activity 3 and the EC delay to activity 5 has been extended to 12 days, respectively. Based on the proposed approach, the values of delay liabilities for activity 3 (NE de lay) and activity 5 (EC delay) are 4. 8 (10 ? 2 12 13 = 4:8) and 5. 2 (10 ? 12 13 13 = 5:2), respectively. + + In practice, schedule delays or time extension claims usually result in cost reimbursement or liquidated damage calculations, the analytical results can service as an accurate tool in such calculations. The analytical results based on the proposed out-and-out(a) calculation approach allow for provide a check alternative than conventional method that usually employs a equal approach. 6. 5.Comparison to other windows-based delay analysis methods Based on above discussions and the information shown in Table 4, this study summarizes the differences between the proposed method and the discussed windows-based delay analysis methods, organized as follows. Table 4 Analysis results by EDAM and other windows-based methods. Attributes NE delay (in day) EN delay (in day) EC delay (in day) Concurrent delay (in day) Critical path change (in times) Analysis period (in times) Actual ED AM 4 9 4 1 8 TWA/ DAMUDS DWDA MWA 4 9 4 1 7 20 4 9 4 1 8 41 4 5 9 9 4 4 1 (0. 3 for NE; 0 0. 57 for EC) 8 7 34 17 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 As-Planned schedule Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 3 7 1 2 5 0 4 7 0 5 3 0 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 1- 4 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 2 3 7 2 2 4 0 4 9 0 5 3 0 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 5-7 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 2 3 7 2 2 4 4 9 0 5 3 0 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 8-10 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 3 7 0 2 4 4 6 1 5 3 1 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 1-13 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 3 7 0 2 4 4 6 5 3 1 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 14 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 3 7 0 2 4 4 6 5 3 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) 395 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Critical path NW1 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 unitary day is shortened for project duration star day is sh ortened for Activity 2 7 8 9 Critical path 1 2 3 4 5 NW2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 One day is shortened for project duration One day is shortened for Activity 2Critical path 1 2 3 4 5 6 NW3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Three days are shortened for project duration One day is shortened for Activity 2 7 8 Three days are shortened for Activity 4 Critical path NW4 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Three days are shortened for project duration Three days are shortened for Activity 4 Critical path NW5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Three days are shortened for project duration One day is shortened for Activity 2 7 8 9 Three days are shortened for Activity 4 Critical path 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 One day is shortened for Activity 2 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 5. Project acceleration detected by EDAM. • examine to the TWA/MWA method, the EDAM method can deal with the EC, EN, NE and concurrent delays more accurate. • Comparing to the TWA/MWA and DAMUSD methods, the EDAM method can perform delay analysis considering critical path changes more correct. • Comparing to the DWDA method, the EDAM method can perform delay analysis more efficient. • Comparing to the TWA/MWA, DAMUSD and DWDA methods, the EDAM method can allocate delay liability more accurate, and provide a function of detecting project acceleration. 396 J. -B.Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 6. 6. Advantages and limitations This study proposes a novel delay analysis method for resolving the problems associated with existing windows-based delay analysis methods. The EDAM method has the following advantages compared to existing windows-based delay analysis methods. • It has a systematic window extraction method for performing delay analysis stably and efficiently. • It adopts a process-based analysis approach to identify critical path changes, concurrent delays and project acceleration. It develops a clear liability distribution approach for apportioning concurrent delays. Although the EDAM method has been tested using hypothetical cases, some limitations exist in accommodateing to solve schedule delay problems in construction projects. The limitations are organized as follows. • The classification of EC, EN, NE and concurrent delays must be identified before employing the developed EDAM method. • The EDAM method does not discuss float ownership. That is, the one uses the float first who owns the ownership. • Construction projects usually encounter complex delay situations.This study just examines the capabilities of the EDAM method using two hypothetical cases that simulate the identified problems. Therefore, the EDAM method might be unable to melt the complex delay situations that are not identified in this study. 7. Conclusions While schedule delays occur oft during construction projects, identifying the liability of contract parties accurately has recei ved considerable attention. Although many methods have been developed for analyzing and measure construction schedule delays, no one method is acceptable for all project participants and suitable for all delay situations.An ideal delay analysis method must calculate delay information stably, accurately and efficiently. Some existing windows-based delay analysis methods perform delay analysis based on an supreme window extraction; some deal with limited delay situations. This study presents the EDAM method, a novel delay analysis method that has a systematic window extraction method for performing delay analysis stably, and adopts a process-based analysis approach to separate concurrent delays and liability distribution problems accurately. Additionally, the EDAM method performs delay analysis efficiently in a test case.The EDAM method is a good alternative for resolving analysis problems associated with schedule delays in construction projects. The construction industry requires c ontinual improvements to delay analysis methodology due to industry complexity. Based on interrogation results, this study provides following suggestions for further study. • Evaluating the performance of the existing windows-based methods (including the EDAM method) for several(a) and real cases can improve the acceptance of all windows-based methods in the construction industry.However, illustrative cases, covering all delay situations or real delay cases are hard to retrieve because the cases in the court have limited and simplified information, and information from the arbitration cases is not disclosed. How to develop a protocol for collecting such cases is essential for further development and evaluation. • Most available delay analysis methods are not use in popular project management systems (such as Microsoft Project and oracle Primavera P6) or supported by those systems, thus posing a barrier to apply these methods for solving real delay problems.Although c apable of providing a basic function for delay analysis, a few systems only perform simple schedule comparisons. For example, the cry Digger function embedded in Oracle Primavera P6 can be used monthly to compare different schedule variances in start date, finish date and activity duration. According to the systematic approach provided by this research, developing easy-to-use systems embedded in, based on or supported by available commercial project management systems will enhance the application of delay analysis methods. The methods for delay analysis can be divided into four categories: divination, real-time, after-delay-occurred and after-project-completion (Arditi and Pattanakitchamroon, 2006). Most of methods belong to the after-projectcompletion category; by those methods some essential documents and evidences may be lost. Developing a method that belongs to forecasting or real-time category can resolve this problem. Furthermore, systems dynamics approach has been recognize d and proven to be helpful for dispute resolution (Weil and Rayford, 1990; Cooper and Lee, 2009).It would be another good alternative method for schedule delay analysis for construction projects. • The proposed method for allocating delay liability provides a better alternative with transparent calculation approach than conventional method that usually employs a half-and-half approach. However, if construction contracts have a clear delay liability allocation clause that employ the proposed method or conventional half-and-half approach, the dispute for delay liability allocation will be diminished.How to draft a suitable clause that provides a clear delay liability allocation approach and fair rights and obligations in a contract can be studied carefully. Acknowledgements The authors would like to convey the National Science Council, Taiwan, ROC, for financially supporting this research under Contract No. NSC96-2221-E-216-027-MY2. The authors are alike thankful to the revi ewers for their valuable suggestions and comments. J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385â€397 397 References Alkass, S. , Mazerolle, M. , Harris, F. , 1996. Construction delay analysis techniques.Construction Management and Economics. 14 (5), 375â€394. Arditi, D. , Pattanakitchamroon, T. , 2006. 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